Tools

Voltage divider, series/parallel, color code, SMD code calculator

Ohm's law calculator and common circuit unit conversions

RC/LC filter cutoff frequency and quality factor calculator

Radix conversion (bin/oct/dec/hex) and ASCII encoding

CRC-8/CRC-16/CRC-32 checksum calculator

SMD resistor code conversion: 3/4-digit/EIA-96 bidirectional, tolerance and E series

E6/12/24/48/96 standard values lookup and nearest value finder

LED limiting resistor: supply/count/Vf/If → R + power + rating

Multi-mode: LDO power/thermal, 78xx, TL431 divider, LM317 regulator/current source

Half/full/bridge rectifier: Vdc, ripple, diode PIV/current

Multi-mode: inverting/non-inverting gain, differential, instrumentation, slew rate, hysteresis

TVS selection: working voltage → Vrwm, Vbr, Vc(max), clamping margin, PPK

Toroid AL method (N=√(L/AL)) and air-core Wheeler approximation

IPC-2141 microstrip/stripline Z0: width/dielectric→Z0; reverse width

IPC-2221 outer/inner: width/copper→current; reverse width

Multi-mode: NPN switch / voltage divider bias / PNP switch

Visual Moore FSM editor + .fsm.json serialization

Online digital timing diagram tool based on WaveDrom syntax, SPI/I2C/UART templates, real-time SVG rendering and export

Async/sync FIFO minimum depth estimation with burst/continuous write modes and safety factor

Recommend correct synchronizer structure for clock-domain crossing, with circuit hints and open-source references

Generate standard SDC timing constraints from clock/interface specs with syntax validation

Calculate setup/hold slack for a timing path and flag violations

Decompose timing budget across delay segments, compute Fmax & slack

Calculate throughput and latency from pipeline stages, clock, and initiation interval

3x3/4x4 color matrix real-time preview

Bayer RAW to RGB demosaic: bilinear interpolation reconstructs missing color channels

Estimate illuminant color temperature and apply R/B channel gains to remove color cast: Gray World / White Patch

Gamma curve real-time preview

Three spatial denoising methods: Median for salt-and-pepper, Gaussian smoothing, Bilateral edge-preserving

Inter-frame recursive blending temporal denoising — multi-frame averaging to reduce noise, with √N law demonstration

Unsharp Mask sharpening: Gaussian blur extracts high-frequency detail mask, enhances edges and textures, threshold prevents noise amplification

Binning downsampling preview

Custom operator order with real-time stacked preview

RGB ↔ YUV / YCbCr / HSV / XYZ bidirectional conversion with quantization error analysis

RGB/luminance histogram + histogram correction (auto-contrast / equalize / gamma) + clipping detection + luminance statistics summary

3D LUT lookup-based color grading — trilinear interpolation for cinematic/camera color style mapping

HDR→SDR tone mapping — Reinhard / ACES classic curves comparison, recovering highlight details

Mertens-style multi-exposure fusion — simulate bracketed exposures from a single image, weighted fusion to recover highlight and shadow details

8-anchor LUT tone curve adjustment with drag editing and real-time preview

Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (luminance domain), bilinear interpolation between tiles

Subtract sensor dark-current offset to restore the true black level baseline

Detect and fix sensor defective pixels: neighborhood median comparison, replace when deviation exceeds threshold

Correct lens vignetting: apply radial gain based on pixel distance from center to compensate for edge light falloff

Aggregate open-source mothers' best practices to generate structured Verilog prompts

Synthesizable RTL ready to reuse, verified code templates from GitHub open-source projects

Integer/non-integer clock division analysis with synthesizable Verilog generation

Convert between decimal and IEEE 754 floating-point bit layouts (half/single/double)

Convert between decimal and Qm.n fixed-point with range, resolution, and quantization error

Calculate MMCM/PLL multiplier and divider parameters (M/D/O) from reference and target frequencies, verify VCO range, generate Clocking Wizard config and SDC constraints

CSV BOM import/export, row editing, total cost estimation

Canny multi-stage edge detection: Gaussian smoothing + Sobel gradient + NMS + double threshold hysteresis

Sobel gradient edge detection: 3x3/5x5 kernel convolution with x/y/magnitude directions

Laplacian second-derivative edge detection: 4/8-neighbor kernel, direction-independent, optional Gaussian pre-smoothing

Prewitt/Roberts first-difference edge detection: 3x3 uniform weighting / 2x2 cross-difference

Harris corner detection: structure tensor eigenvalue analysis, distinguishing flat/edge/corner regions

Hough transform line detection: parameter space voting, peak extraction, line segment overlay

Mean blur (Box Filter): 3x3/5x5/7x7 normalized window averaging with separable passes and shift-right normalization

Median filter: window sorting to extract median — classic salt-and-pepper noise removal with superior edge preservation

Noise injection: Gaussian / salt-and-pepper / uniform noise with adjustable intensity for testing denoising algorithms

Adaptive median filter: classical two-stage algorithm that dynamically adjusts window size based on local noise density, outperforming standard median under high-density salt-and-pepper noise

Non-Local Means (NLM): weights each pixel by patch similarity across the search window, preserving textures and repeating structures better than local filters

Guided Filter (He et al. 2010): edge-preserving smoothing via local linear model with box-filter O(1) per-pixel computation, approximates bilateral filter

Morphological erosion: 3x3/5x5 structuring element sliding window minimum, removes isolated white pixels and thin lines

Morphological dilation: 3x3/5x5 structuring element sliding window maximum, fills small holes and bridges gaps

Morphological opening: erosion followed by dilation, removes isolated noise while preserving shape

Morphological closing: dilation followed by erosion, fills small holes and bridges narrow gaps

Morphological gradient: dilation - erosion, extracts edge and contour response

Top-Hat: src - opening(src), extracts bright details and small bright spots

Black-Hat: closing(src) - src, extracts dark details and small dark spots

Image crop (ROI extraction): specify x/y/width/height, auto-clamp out-of-bounds, zero-buffer window addressing

Image resize: nearest neighbor (step counter avoids divider) and bilinear interpolation, FPGA column address remapping

Image mirror flip: horizontal (column reverse) or vertical (row reverse), frame buffer address remapping

Image rotation: 90 / 180 / 270 degree CCW steps (nearest neighbor), width/height swapped at 90 / 270

Affine transform: 2x3 matrix for rotation/scale/shear/translation, parallelism preserved, inverse mapping + bilinear interpolation

Perspective transform: 3x3 homography for perspective effect (vanishing point), lines preserved, homogeneous coordinates + perspective divide

Radial lens distortion correction (Brown-Conrady model): barrel/pincushion visualization, k1/k2 coefficient adjustment, reverse mapping + bilinear interpolation

Integer-factor image upscaling (2x/3x/4x) with three interpolation comparison (nearest/bilinear/bicubic Catmull-Rom) + interpolation quality teaching

Otsu global threshold segmentation: iterates 256 gray levels maximizing between-class variance, auto-finds optimal threshold for one-click binarization

Adaptive threshold: local mean/Gaussian weighted minus C as per-pixel threshold, better than global for uneven illumination

K-means unsupervised clustering segmentation: pixel gray-level feature clustering to k centroids with iterative convergence for region segmentation

Region growing segmentation: seed points + similarity tolerance with 4-connected BFS growth for region-based image segmentation

Watershed segmentation: distance transform + marker extraction + BFS expansion, morphology-based image segmentation with marker-controlled approach to prevent over-segmentation

ITU-R BT.601 luminance grayscale: Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B

Linear contrast stretch: maps gray range to [0, 255], enhances low-contrast images

Fixed threshold binarization: gray > threshold -> white (255), else -> black (0)

Single-Scale Retinex (SSR): log-domain illumination-reflectance separation, enhances local contrast and reduces haze

Grayscale to Jet/Hot heatmap pseudocolor mapping, piecewise linear colormap lookup

Reinhard teaching simplified color transfer - RGB channel statistical matching

FFT spectrum analysis and frequency domain filtering - log magnitude spectrum + lowpass/highpass filtering

Motion blur modeling + Wiener deconvolution teaching - line PSF blur to frequency domain Wiener inverse filtering restoration

Paste Verilog code to check coding style compliance with line highlighting, suggestions, and pass rate scoring

CORDIC iterative algorithm for sin/cos and atan/magnitude with step-by-step convergence visualization and Verilog generation

AXI-Stream valid/ready handshake mechanism teaching with 5 classic scenario interactive timing visualization, throughput analysis, and synthesizable handshake RTL

Scenario prompt templates → acceptance checklist → AI hallucination/pitfall warnings — a 3-step wizard for better AI-generated Verilog

Forward/reverse video link bandwidth: resolution × frame rate × bit depth → Gbps, or bandwidth → max FPS

LVDS/SerDes multi-channel net throughput and encoding overhead with reverse channel count and video coverage check

MIPI D-PHY/CSI-2 payload throughput, max frame rate and lane requirement, supporting RAW8/10/12/16

BPSK/QPSK/16-QAM/64-QAM constellation mapping with Gray code visualization and RTL reference

BPSK/QPSK full chain simulation: RRC shaping → AWGN → Costas carrier sync → Gardner timing recovery → matched filter demod → BER curve

PN/m-sequence generation → spread/despread → sliding correlation peak → processing gain visualization with RTL reference

Matched filter principle visualization: time-reversed conjugate → convolution output → correlation peak → SNR gain demo

Hop pattern generation · Slow/fast hop comparison · Processing gain & anti-jamming demo

NCO/Phase accumulator · FM/2FSK/CPFSK modulation & demodulation · Discriminator demo

Polar code encoding (Kronecker product), channel polarization visualization, SC decoding demo & BER simulation

Convolutional encoding, Trellis diagram, Viterbi ACS decoding & error correction demo

RF link budget: TX power, antenna gains, path loss → received power & margin

Friis formula multi-stage noise figure cascade

Receiver sensitivity & noise floor: kTB + NF + SNR_min

VSWR ↔ return loss ↔ reflection coefficient ↔ mismatch loss

dBm/dBW/mW/W/dBµV/Vrms power level conversion

FSPL calculation with multi-unit distance/frequency input

EIRP / ERP equivalent radiated power: TX power + antenna gain − feed line loss

Multi-signal power summation (combining) calculation

Third-order intermodulation IM3 and TOI/OIP3 estimation with cascade

Multi-source phase noise total calculation

ADC ideal SNR, ENOB and oversampling gain calculation

Shannon channel capacity and spectral efficiency with SNR dB↔linear conversion

T/π attenuator: attenuation dB + impedance → R1/R2/R3

L-match network: source/load impedance + frequency → L/C values

Buck/Boost inductor & duty cycle: Vin/Vout/fsw/ripple → L, D

AWG wire gauge: diameter/area/resistance per km/current capacity

Junction temp: P + Rth(j-c)+Rth(c-s)+Rth(s-a) → Tj; derating check

Battery life: capacity mAh / current mA → hours (efficiency adjustable)